2010-02-18

NATURE

18 February 2010 Volume 463 Number 7283, pp 849 - 990

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Comparing southern African sequences

The complete genome sequences of an indigenous hunter-gatherer from
Namibia?s Kalahari Desert and of a Bantu from southern Africa are
presented in this week's Nature. Presented alongside these genomes
are the sequences of four Bushmen - tribal elders each approximately
80 years old - and a Bantu - Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who has
pastoralist Tswana and Nguni ancestry and, from a genetics point of view,
is an ideal representative for many southern Africans.

Access the article free online.
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EDITORIALS

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Validation required p849
Transparency and quality control are essential in the highly
uncertain business of assessing the impact of climate change
on a regional scale.
doi:10.1038/463849a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=105&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Progressive thinking pp849-850
It is time to abandon GDP as the overriding measure of social
development and economic health.
doi:10.1038/463849b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=102&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Nature's choices p850
Exploding the myths surrounding how and why we select our research
papers.
doi:10.1038/463850a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=92&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

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Ecology: why horses wear white p852
doi:10.1038/463852a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=63&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Palaeontology: Do the locomotion p852
doi:10.1038/463852b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=68&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Quantum chemistry: Never too cold p852
doi:10.1038/463852c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=74&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Physical chemistry: Surface designers p852
doi:10.1038/463852d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=80&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Genetics: Two strikes p852
doi:10.1038/463852e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=133&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Condensed matter: Cutting it fine pp852-853
doi:10.1038/463852f
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=118&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Neurobiology: The science of silence p853
doi:10.1038/463853a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=112&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Geology: Mantle rising p853
doi:10.1038/463853b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=130&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Astrophysics: Mystery medium p853
doi:10.1038/463853c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=125&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Chemistry: Tie the knot p853
doi:10.1038/463853d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=43&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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JOURNAL CLUB

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Journal club p853
Rodney S. Ruoff
doi:10.1038/463853e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=40&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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NEWS

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News briefing: 18 February 2010 pp854-855
The week in science
doi:10.1038/463854a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=216&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Three biologists slain on campus p856
Professor's arrest sends shock waves around the University of
Alabama in Huntsville.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/463856a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=281&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Africa yields two full human genomes p857
Sequences show rich diversity among the population.
Heidi Ledford
doi:10.1038/463857a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=279&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

How accurate are cancer cell lines? p858
Some argue that tumour cells obtained directly from patients are the
best way to study cancer genomics.
Brendan Borrell
doi:10.1038/463858a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=277&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Genomics firms turn to other markets p859
Next generation of machines could answer different research questions.
Erika Check Hayden
doi:10.1038/463859a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=275&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Pharaoh puzzle p859
What really killed Tutankhamun?
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/463859b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=313&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

'Climategate' scientist speaks out p860
Embattled climatologist Phil Jones faces his critics.
Olive Heffernan
doi:10.1038/463860a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=311&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Asian pollution delays inevitable warming pp860-861
Dirty power plants exert temporary protective effect.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/463860b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=308&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Trees spit out gas from soil microbes p861
Trunks act as giant methane chimneys.
Amanda Mascarelli
doi:10.1038/463861a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=293&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

General relativity tested on a tabletop p862
Atomic-clock experiment pins down accuracy of fundamental gravity
measurement.
Eric Hand
doi:10.1038/463862a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=299&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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NEWS FEATURES

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Evolution: Revenge of the hopeful monster pp864-867
Experiments have revealed how single mutations can have huge effects
that drive evolution. But small steps pave the way,
finds Tanguy Chouard.
doi:10.1038/463864a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=36&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Astronomy: The decadal dinner club pp868-870
As hundreds of US astronomers draft their latest decadal wish list
of new projects, Nature took a short-cut by convening a small
survey around a dinner table.
Eric Hand listens in.
doi:10.1038/463868a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=38&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Carbon sequestration: Buried trouble pp871-873
Protesters saying “no to CO2” are just one roadblock facing carbon
sequestration ? a strategy that could help prevent dangerous
climate change.
Richard Van Noorden investigates.
doi:10.1038/463871a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=32&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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COLUMN

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World view: Calling science to account p875
Scientists and the media are trapped in a cosy relationship that
benefits neither. They should challenge each other more,
says Colin Macilwain.
doi:10.1038/463875a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=282&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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CORRESPONDENCE

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Transdisciplinary EU science institute needs funds urgently p876
Jan W. Vasbinder et al.
doi:10.1038/463876a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=34&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

The Rubisco enzyme and agricultural productivity p876
John R. Porter and Bernd Wollenweber
doi:10.1038/463876b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=51&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Parliament needs members who are scientifically literate pp876-877
Stephane Goldstein
doi:10.1038/463876c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=49&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Outcry stopped approved pig study of avalanche survival p877
Hermann Brugger, Peter Paal and Markus Falk
doi:10.1038/463877a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=47&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

University overhaul vital to end Bulgarian science's long decline p877
Oleg I. Yordanov
doi:10.1038/463877b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=45&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

China fights fraud with tough tactics and integrity training p877
Martin C. Michel
doi:10.1038/463877c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=44&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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OPINION

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Lessons from the Haiti earthquake pp878-879
Roger Bilham, one of the first seismologists to visit Haiti after
last month's earthquake, calls for UN enforcement of resistant
construction in cities with a history of violent tremors.
Roger Bilham
doi:10.1038/463878a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=9&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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BOOKS AND ARTS

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Two views of collapse pp880-881
We need realism, not positivity, to learn lessons from past societal
demises, urges Jared Diamond.
Jared Diamond reviews The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze
Age by Cynthia W. Shelmerdine
doi:10.1038/463880a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=11&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

The unfolding of time p881
Pedro Ferreira reviews From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the
Ultimate Theory of Time by Sean Carroll
doi:10.1038/463881a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=3&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Oceania's musical technology p882
Josie Glausiusz reviews Sounding the Pacific: Musical Instruments
of Oceania by
doi:10.1038/463882a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=5&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Books in brief p882
Joanne Baker
doi:10.1038/463882b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=7&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Q&A: David Brin on writing fiction p883
After obtaining a PhD in planetary physics, David Brin found that
he could make a better living as a science-fiction novelist than
a researcher. In the third in our series of five interviews with
authors who each write science books for a different audience,
Brin reveals that criticism -- and a thick skin -- are the keys
to good creative writing.
Nicola Jones
doi:10.1038/463883a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=26&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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NEWS AND VIEWS

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Early life: Ancient acritarchs pp885-886
Big and beautiful microfossils have been extracted from rocks that
are more than 3 billion years old. They offer tantalizing hints
about the antiquity of the eukaryote lineage of organisms that
includes ourselves.
Roger Buick
doi:10.1038/463885a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=24&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Astrophysics: Cosmic jet engines pp886-887
In some galaxies, matter falling onto a supermassive black hole is
ejected in narrow jets moving at close to the speed of light.
New observations provide insight into the workings of these cosmic
accelerators.
Andy Young
doi:10.1038/463886a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=20&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Gene regulation: A chromatin thermostat pp887-888
When environmental temperatures rise, plants seek help from their
core molecular mechanisms to adapt. The chromatin protein H2A.Z,
which regulates gene expression, is one such rescue molecule.
Roger B. Deal and Steven Henikoff
doi:10.1038/463887a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=21&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Animal behaviour: An ill wind for finches p888
Tim Lincoln
doi:10.1038/463888a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=316&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Structural biology: Transformative encounters pp889-890
Researchers have met the challenge of capturing transient states of
the SUMO E1 activating enzyme. Their pictures show radically different
crystal structures for two of the steps in this enzyme's activity.
Brenda A. Schulman and Arthur L. Haas
doi:10.1038/463889a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=326&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Quantum measurement: A light touch pp890-891
A technique used primarily to study fundamental issues in quantum
mechanics has now been shown to have promise as a powerful practical
tool for making ultra-precise measurements.
Aephraim M. Steinberg
doi:10.1038/463890a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=335&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Genetics: Random expression goes binary pp891-892
The production of intestinal cells in a worm embryo is regulated by
a network of transcription factors. Studies of these networks in
mutant worms provide evidence for stochastic effects in gene expression.
Adrian Streit and Ralf J. Sommer
doi:10.1038/463891a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=331&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

50 & 100 years ago p892
doi:10.1038/463892a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=288&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS ARISING

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Multilevel and kin selection in a connected world ppE8-E9
Michael J. Wade et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08809
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=229&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=291&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Wild, Gardner & West reply ppE9-E10
Geoff Wild, Andy Gardner and Stuart A. West
doi:10.1038/nature08810
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=230&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=304&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

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ARTICLES

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Signatures of mutation and selection in the cancer genome pp893-898
Homozygous gene deletions in cancer cells occur over recessive cancer
genes (where they can confer selective growth advantage) or over
genes at fragile sites of the genome (where they are thought to
reflect increased DNA breakage). Here, a large number of homozygous
deletions in a collection of cancer cell lines are identified and
analysed to derive structural signatures for the two different types
of deletion. More deletions are found in inherently fragile regions,
and fewer overlying recessive genes.
Graham R. Bignell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08768
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=231&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=262&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

The landscape of somatic copy-number alteration across human cancers
pp899-905
One way of discovering genes with key roles in cancer development is
to identify genomic regions that are frequently altered in human
cancers. Here, high-resolution analyses of somatic copy-number
alterations (SCNAs) in numerous cancer specimens provide an overview
of regions of focal SCNA that are altered at significant frequency
across several cancer types. An oncogenic function is also found for
the anti-apoptosis genes MCL1 and BCL2L1, which reside in amplified
genome regions in many cancers.
Rameen Beroukhim et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08822
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=237&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=253&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Active site remodelling accompanies thioester bond formation in the SUMO E1 pp906-912
The post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin
(Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins -- such as SUMO -- regulates a
broad array of cellular processes. E1 enzymes activate Ub and Ubl in
two steps, by carboxy-terminal adenylation and thioester bond
formation to a catalytic cysteine, but the structural basis for the
intermediates remains unknown. Crystal structures for SUMO E1 in
complex with SUMO adenylate and tetrahedral intermediate analogues
are now reported and analysed.
Shaun K. Olsen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08765
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=238&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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Variability in gene expression underlies incomplete penetrance pp913-918
Even genetically identical organisms in homogeneous environments vary,
indicating that randomness in developmental processes such as gene
expression may generate phenotypic diversity. Intestinal specification
in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which wild-type cell fate
is invariant and controlled by a small transcriptional network, is now
studied. The results demonstrate that mutations in developmental
networks can expose stochastic variability in gene expression, leading
to phenotypic variation.
Arjun Raj, Scott A. Rifkin, Erik Andersen and Alexander van Oudenaarden
doi:10.1038/nature08781
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=240&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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LETTERS

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A change in the optical polarization associated with a [gamma]-ray
flare in the blazar 3C 279 pp919-923
It is widely accepted that strong and variable radiation detected
over all accessible energy bands in a number of active galaxies
arises from a relativistic, Doppler-boosted jet pointing close
to our line of sight. However, the size of the emitting zone and
the location of this region relative to the central supermassive
black hole are poorly understood. Here, the coincidence of a
[gamma]-ray flare with a dramatic change of optical polarization
angle is reported, providing evidence for co-spatiality of optical
and [gamma]-ray emission regions and indicating a highly ordered
jet magnetic field.
The Fermi-LAT Collaboration and members of the 3C 279 multi-band campaign
doi:10.1038/nature08841
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=259&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=111&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

An upper limit on the contribution of accreting white dwarfs to the
type Ia supernova rate pp924-925
Type Ia supernovae are thought to be associated with the thermonuclear
explosions of white dwarf stars, but the nuclear runaway that leads
to the explosion could occur through two different pathways with
different X-ray signatures. The X-ray flux from six nearby elliptical
galaxies and galaxy bulges is now observed to reveal that it is a
factor of about 30-50 less than predicted by the accretion scenario,
where a white dwarf accumulates material from a companion star.
Marat Gilfanov and Akos Bogdan
doi:10.1038/nature08685
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=261&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=121&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

A precision measurement of the gravitational redshift by the interference
of matter waves pp926-929
One of the central predictions of general relativity is that a clock
in a gravitational potential well runs more slowly than a similar
clock outside the well. This effect, known as gravitational redshift,
has been measured using clocks on a tower, an aircraft and a rocket,
but here, laboratory experiments based on quantum interference of
atoms are shown to produce a much more precise measurement.
Holger Muller, Achim Peters and Steven Chu
doi:10.1038/nature08776
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=254&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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Upside-down differentiation and generation of a `primordial' lower
mantle pp930-933
For the first billion years or so of the Earth's history, there may
have been whole-mantle convection, but after this period
differentiation of the Earth's mantle has been controlled by
solid-state convection. Many trace elements -- known as
'incompatible elements' -- preferentially partition into low-density
melts and are concentrated into the crust, but half of these
incompatible elements should be hidden in the Earth's interior. It
is now suggested that a by-product of whole-mantle convection is deep
and hot melting, resulting in the generation of dense liquids that
sank into the lower mantle.
Cin-Ty A. Lee et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08824
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=256&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=70&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine
siliciclastic deposits pp934-938
Claims that life existed on Earth in the early Archaean eon
(3.2 billion years ago) are often controversial, as non-biological
processes can produce life-like microstructures and chemical
signatures that mimic those of the remains of living organisms.
Now, however, the discovery of relatively large, carbonaceous
spheroidal microstructures -- interpreted as organic-walled
microfossils -- in early Archaean deposits adds further evidence
that life existed, thrived and survived on Earth at a very early date.
Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Craig P. Marshall and Andrey Bekker
doi:10.1038/nature08793
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=250&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=82&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

A bony connection signals laryngeal echolocation in bats pp939-942
Echolocation is usually associated with bats. Many echolocating bats
produce signals in the larynx, but a few species produce tongue clicks.
Here, studies show that in all bats that use larynx-generated clicks,
the stylohyal bone is connected to the tympanic bone. Study of the
stylohyal and tympanic bones of a primitive fossil bat indicates that
this species may have been able to echolocate, despite previous
evidence to the contrary, raising the question of when and how
echolocation evolved in bats.
Nina Veselka et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08737
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=252&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=191&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa pp943-947
Until now, fully sequenced human genomes of the indigenous hunter-gatherer
peoples of southern Africa have been limited to recently diverged
populations. The complete genome sequences of an indigenous hunter-gatherer
from the Kalahari Desert and of a Bantu from southern Africa are now
presented. The extent of whole-genome and exome diversity is characterized;
the observed genomic differences may help to pinpoint genetic adaptations
to an agricultural lifestyle.
Stephan C. Schuster et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08795
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=246&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=96&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Rapid spine stabilization and synaptic enhancement at the onset of
behavioural learning pp948-952
The brain's capacity to respond to instructive capacity underlies
behavioural learning, but how instructive experience acts on the
juvenile brain, a period in which learning is often enhanced, remains
unknown. Here, two-photon in vivo imaging is used to study the brains
of zebra finches as they learn to sing. The results indicate that
behavioural learning results when instructive experience is able to
rapidly stabilize and strengthen synapses on the sensorimotor neurons
that control the learned behaviour.
Todd F. Roberts, Katherine A. Tschida, Marguerita E. Klein and
Richard Mooney
doi:10.1038/nature08759
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=248&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=186&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Rere controls retinoic acid signalling and somite bilateral symmetry
pp953-957
The vertebrate body plan shows marked bilateral symmetry, although
this can be disrupted in conditions such as scoliosis. Here, a mutation
in Rere is found that leads to the formation of asymmetrical somites
in mouse embryos; furthermore, Rere is shown to control retinoic acid
signalling, which is required to maintain somite symmetry by interacting
with Fgf8. The results provide insight into how bilateral symmetry is
maintained.
Goncalo C. Vilhais-Neto et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08763
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=268&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=215&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

CHD7 cooperates with PBAF to control multipotent neural crest formation
pp958-962
Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding CHD7, an ATP-dependent
chromatin-remodelling protein, result in CHARGE syndrome -- a
disorder characterized by malformations of the craniofacial structures,
peripheral nervous system, ears, eyes and heart. In humans and Xenopus,
CHD7 is now shown to be essential for the formation of multipotent
migratory neural crest and for activating the transcriptional circuitry
of the neural crest; shedding light on the pathoembryology of CHARGE
syndrome.
Ruchi Bajpai et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08733
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=106&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=206&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

TCR-peptide-MHC interactions in situ show accelerated kinetics and
increased affinity pp963-967
T lymphocytes, which are an integral part of most adaptive immune
responses, recognize foreign antigens through the binding of antigenic
peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules on other
cells to specific T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs). Using single-molecule
microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, the kinetics
of TCR-pMHC binding are now measured in situ, revealing accelerated
kinetics and increased affinity when compared with solution measurements.
Johannes B. Huppa et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08746
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=100&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=159&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Enzyme-inhibitor-like tuning of Ca2+ channel connectivity with
calmodulin pp968-972
Ca2+ channels and calmodulin (CaM) are two prominent hubs of
biological signalling networks, affecting functions such as cardiac
excitability and gene transcription. The prevailing view has been
that the ultrastrong affinity of channels for the Ca2+-free form of
calmodulin (apoCaM) ensures their saturation with CaM and yields a
form of concentration independence between Ca2+ channels and CaM.
Here, however, significant exceptions to this autonomy are shown
to exist.
Xiaodong Liu, Philemon S. Yang, Wanjun Yang and David T. Yue
doi:10.1038/nature08766
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=103&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=154&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

- - - - -

TECHNOLOGY FEATURES

- - - - -

Whole-animal imaging: The whole picture pp977-980
As the techniques for imaging whole animals become more sophisticated,
researchers are able to get a clearer picture of what is going on
inside.
Monya Baker looks at the options available.
doi:10.1038/463977a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=155&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Whole-animal imaging: Probe progress p979
doi:10.1038/463979a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=151&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Whole-animal imaging: Table of suppliers p981
doi:10.1038/463981a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=174&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

- - - - -

NATUREJOBS

- - - - -

News
Scientists in Ireland face up to pay cuts p985
Parlous state of economy forces cut backs.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/nj7283-985a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=139&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Prospects
A step towards transparency p985
The lot of women scientists would improve with more openness in policy
and practice, argues Jan Bogg.
Jan Bogg
doi:10.1038/nj7283-985b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=142&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Careers and Recruitment
Back to school p986
Instructing teenagers about science requires patience and a flair for
presentation. Quirin Schiermeier reports on the prospects for
scientists-turned-teachers in three countries.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/nj7283-986a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=140&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

- - - - -

FUTURES

- - - - -

Unfinished business p990
In cold storage.
John Gilbey
doi:10.1038/463990a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=172&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

- - - - -

Advance Online Publication

- - - - -

17 February 2010
The primary transcriptome of the major human pathogen Helicobacter pylori
Cynthia M. Sharma et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08756
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=168&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=168&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Remarkably ancient balanced polymorphisms in a multi-locus gene network
Chris Todd Hittinger et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08791
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=165&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=165&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Telomere elongation in induced pluripotent stem cells from dyskeratosis
congenita patients
Suneet Agarwal et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08792
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=289&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=289&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Differential innate immune signalling via Ca2+ sensor protein kinases
Marie Boudsocq et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08794
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=298&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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Proviral silencing in embryonic stem cells requires the histone
methyltransferase ESET
Toshiyuki Matsui et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08858
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=305&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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14 February 2010
Haematopoietic stem cells derive directly from aortic endothelium
during development
Julien Y. Bertrand et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08738
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=315&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=315&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0

Blood stem cells emerge from aortic endothelium by a novel type of
cell transition
Karima Kissa and Philippe Herbomel
doi:10.1038/nature08761
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=327&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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In vivo imaging of haematopoietic cells emerging from the mouse
aortic endothelium
Jean-Charles Boisset et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08764
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=332&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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Encoding multiple unnatural amino acids via evolution of a
quadruplet-decoding ribosome
Heinz Neumann et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08817
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=232&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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Neurogenic radial glia in the outer subventricular zone of human
neocortex
David V. Hansen, Jan H. Lui, Philip R. L. Parker and
Arnold R. Kriegstein
doi:10.1038/nature08845
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=235&m=34637012&r=NDA5MjY2MjAxMgS2&b=2&j=Njc1MzkzOTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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Journal Info

Fw: Nature 18 February 2010 Volume 463 Number 7283 pp849-990